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chapter 11

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parts of the inner ear: 1. vertibular apparatus         1. semicircular canals         2. utricle and         3. saccule 2. cochlea The inner ear also contains a complex system called vestibular apparatus, located above the cochlea. The vestibular apparatus is composed of three semi-circular canals and the otolith (macula is the sensory part of saccule and utricle). Each semi-circular canal lies in a different plane at right angles to each other. The membranous canals are suspended in the perilymph of the bony canals. The base of canals is swollen and is called ampulla, which contains a projecting ridge called crista ampullaris which has hair cells. The saccule and utricle contain a projecting ridge called macula. The crista and macula are the specific receptors of the vestibular apparatus responsible for maintenance of balance of the body and posture.
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CHAPTER 13  PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1. Introduction Nearly all of the members (with some exceptions) categorized under the kingdom Plantae are autotrophic in nature.  Being autotrophic gives the plants the ability to synthesize their own food for their own nutrition and well being as well as providing a source of nutrition for heterotrophic organisms which are incapable of synthesizing their own food and hence are dependent on autotrophs.  Plants fix gaseous carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water transported from the roots in order to synthesize their food in the form of complex, organic substances, majorly sugars and starches while releasing free, gaseous oxygen which returns to the environment and is used by other organisms apart from the plant itself during the respiration process.  This process,which requires the presence of electromagnetic radiations (light) or solar energy (sun light) is termed as Photosynthesis. The light is captured by specialized organs in
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